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problematic situation

  • 1 מצב בעייתי

    problematic situation

    Hebrew-English dictionary > מצב בעייתי

  • 2 проблемная ситуация

    1) General subject: problematic situation
    3) Linguistics: problem situation

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проблемная ситуация

  • 3 difícil

    adj.
    difficult, tough, arduous, cumbersome.
    Un trabajo difícil [duro] A stiff job.
    * * *
    1 difficult, hard
    2 (improbable) unlikely
    ■ es difícil que nos encontremos allí it's unlikely that we'll meet there, we're unlikely to meet there
    * * *
    adj.
    difficult, hard
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=complicado) [problema] difficult; [tiempos, vida] difficult, hard; [situación] difficult, delicate

    me resulta muy difícil decidir — I find it very hard to decide, I have great difficulty in deciding

    2) [persona] difficult
    3) * [cara] ugly
    * * *
    1)
    a) [ser] <problema/situación> difficult; < examen> hard, difficult

    me fue muy difícil decírselo — it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him

    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas — it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses

    difícil de + inf — difficult o hard to + inf

    b) [estar] (fam)
    2) [ser] ( poco probable) unlikely

    es posible pero lo veo difícil — it's possible, but I don't think it's very likely

    3) [ser] <persona/carácter> difficult
    * * *
    = arduous, demanding, difficult, intractable, laborious, painful, taxing, tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], thorny [thornier -comp., thorniest -sup.], delicate, tortuous, hardscrabble, obstinate, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uphill, problematic, problematical, hard [harder -comp., hardest -sup.].
    Ex. Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex. It is clear to me that they face a professional role that will be far more complicated and far more demanding that the one we have known.
    Ex. It's already difficult to find a lot of these things as it is, but it would be absolute irresponsibility to go to a title-main entry.
    Ex. Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex. The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex. The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex. It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
    Ex. As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.
    Ex. The article 'The comfortable pew is a thorny throne' reviews the technological, political, philosophical, professional and educational issues associated with filtering access to information.
    Ex. Despite the incompetence of most eighteenth-century block-makers, woodcuts never quite disappeared, and they returned to favour in the delicate form called 'wood-engraving' at the end of the hand-press period.
    Ex. The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
    Ex. And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.
    Ex. It is not wise, by the way, to approach the author by telephone for this puts him on the spot and he may refuse simply in self-defense and especially if you happen to butt in when he is struggling with an obstinate chapter in a new book.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex. Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex. Promoters of this tax will have an uphill fight and the cultural objections will be very great.
    Ex. This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex. The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex. The amount of stuffing in the balls was varied to suit the nature of the work; large, soft balls with weak ink were used for low-grade work; small, hard balls and strong ink for work of better quality.
    ----
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * algo muy difícil = a tough sell.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * cuestión difícil = poser.
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * difícil de agradar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de complacer = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * difícil de conseguir = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de contentar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de descifrar = cryptic.
    * difícil de distinguir = indistinguishable.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * difícil de gestionar = unmanageable.
    * difícil de gestionar + Adjetivo = unmanageably + Adjetivo.
    * difícil de hacer = hard to do.
    * difícil de localizar = irretraceable.
    * difícil de manejar = clumsy [clumsier -comp., clumsiest -sup.], unwieldy.
    * difícil de masticar = chewy [chewier -comp., chewiest -sup.].
    * difícil de obtener = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * difícil de sustituir = hard to replace.
    * difícil de tratar = unruly.
    * empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end, plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * hacer difícil = make + it + difficult, make + difficult.
    * hacerlo difícil de + Infinitivo = make + it + hard to + Infinitivo.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.
    * metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * muy difícil de traducir = defy + translation.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * pregunta difícil = poser.
    * pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.
    * problema difícil = poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * situación difícil = hardship.
    * tarea difícil = hard task.
    * tarea muy difícil = uphill struggle.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy.
    * tiempos difíciles = embattled time(s).
    * * *
    1)
    a) [ser] <problema/situación> difficult; < examen> hard, difficult

    me fue muy difícil decírselo — it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him

    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas — it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses

    difícil de + inf — difficult o hard to + inf

    b) [estar] (fam)
    2) [ser] ( poco probable) unlikely

    es posible pero lo veo difícil — it's possible, but I don't think it's very likely

    3) [ser] <persona/carácter> difficult
    * * *
    = arduous, demanding, difficult, intractable, laborious, painful, taxing, tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], thorny [thornier -comp., thorniest -sup.], delicate, tortuous, hardscrabble, obstinate, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uphill, problematic, problematical, hard [harder -comp., hardest -sup.].

    Ex: Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.

    Ex: It is clear to me that they face a professional role that will be far more complicated and far more demanding that the one we have known.
    Ex: It's already difficult to find a lot of these things as it is, but it would be absolute irresponsibility to go to a title-main entry.
    Ex: Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex: The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex: The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex: It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
    Ex: As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.
    Ex: The article 'The comfortable pew is a thorny throne' reviews the technological, political, philosophical, professional and educational issues associated with filtering access to information.
    Ex: Despite the incompetence of most eighteenth-century block-makers, woodcuts never quite disappeared, and they returned to favour in the delicate form called 'wood-engraving' at the end of the hand-press period.
    Ex: The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
    Ex: And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.
    Ex: It is not wise, by the way, to approach the author by telephone for this puts him on the spot and he may refuse simply in self-defense and especially if you happen to butt in when he is struggling with an obstinate chapter in a new book.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex: Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex: Promoters of this tax will have an uphill fight and the cultural objections will be very great.
    Ex: This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex: The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex: The amount of stuffing in the balls was varied to suit the nature of the work; large, soft balls with weak ink were used for low-grade work; small, hard balls and strong ink for work of better quality.
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * algo muy difícil = a tough sell.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * cuestión difícil = poser.
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * difícil de agradar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de complacer = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * difícil de conseguir = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de contentar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de descifrar = cryptic.
    * difícil de distinguir = indistinguishable.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * difícil de gestionar = unmanageable.
    * difícil de gestionar + Adjetivo = unmanageably + Adjetivo.
    * difícil de hacer = hard to do.
    * difícil de localizar = irretraceable.
    * difícil de manejar = clumsy [clumsier -comp., clumsiest -sup.], unwieldy.
    * difícil de masticar = chewy [chewier -comp., chewiest -sup.].
    * difícil de obtener = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * difícil de sustituir = hard to replace.
    * difícil de tratar = unruly.
    * empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end, plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * hacer difícil = make + it + difficult, make + difficult.
    * hacerlo difícil de + Infinitivo = make + it + hard to + Infinitivo.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.
    * metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * muy difícil de traducir = defy + translation.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * pregunta difícil = poser.
    * pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.
    * problema difícil = poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * situación difícil = hardship.
    * tarea difícil = hard task.
    * tarea muy difícil = uphill struggle.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy.
    * tiempos difíciles = embattled time(s).

    * * *
    A
    1 [ SER] ‹problema/tema/situación› difficult
    el examen fue muy difícil the exam was very hard o difficult
    es un problema difícil it's a tricky o difficult problem
    corren tiempos difíciles para nuestra economía this is a difficult time for our economy
    con tu actitud me lo estás poniendo más difícil you're not making it any easier for me o you're making it harder for me by being like that
    no creo que gane, lo tiene muy difícil I don't think she'll win, she's in a difficult position
    me fue muy difícil decírselo it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him
    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses
    cada vez se hace más difícil encontrar un buen empleo it is becoming more and more difficult o it's becoming harder and harder to get a good job
    difícil DE + INF difficult o hard to + INF
    mi madre es muy difícil de complacer my mother is very hard o difficult to please
    2 [ ESTAR] ( fam):
    está la cosa difícil things are pretty difficult o tricky ( colloq)
    B [ SER]
    (poco probable): es posible pero lo veo difícil it's possible, but I think it's unlikely o I don't think it's very likely
    difícil QUE + SUBJ:
    va a ser muy difícil que acepte it's very unlikely that he'll accept
    veo difícil que gane I doubt if she'll win, I think it's unlikely that she'll win
    C [ SER] ‹persona/carácter› difficult
    un niño difícil a difficult child
    * * *

     

    difícil adjetivo
    1
    a) ‹problema/situación› difficult;

    ‹ examen› hard, difficult;
    ◊ me fue muy difícil decírselo it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him;

    es difícil de hacer/entender it's difficult o hard to do/understand
    b) ‹persona/carácter› difficult

    2 ( poco probable) unlikely;

    veo difícil que gane I doubt if she'll win
    difícil adjetivo
    1 (que cuesta trabajo o esfuerzo intelectual) difficult, hard
    difícil de explicar, difficult to explain
    difícil de soportar, hard to bear
    2 (improbable) unlikely: es difícil que suceda, it is unlikely that that will happen
    3 (una persona) difficult
    ' difícil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amarre
    - cañón
    - compaginación
    - concienciarse
    - delicada
    - delicado
    - despreocuparse
    - disyuntiva
    - engorrosa
    - engorroso
    - escabrosa
    - escabroso
    - escala
    - espinosa
    - espinoso
    - estrechamiento
    - gustar
    - harta
    - harto
    - hueso
    - impronunciable
    - insensible
    - judicatura
    - lance
    - mas
    - onerosa
    - oneroso
    - papelón
    - respirar
    - sí
    - tocha
    - tocho
    - viabilidad
    - arrecho
    - caprichoso
    - contentar
    - costar
    - creer
    - duro
    - epopeya
    - especial
    - esperar
    - esquivo
    - fregado
    - hacer
    - ingrato
    - jodido
    - malabarismo
    - mancha
    - manchar
    English:
    arduous
    - around
    - awkward
    - beating
    - choose
    - climb
    - concentrate
    - cumbersome
    - desperately
    - difficult
    - distance
    - dodgy
    - elusive
    - embark
    - folly
    - for
    - gap
    - grammar
    - hard
    - hard-won
    - housekeeper
    - immensely
    - injustice
    - lean
    - mess
    - problematic
    - problematical
    - realize
    - replacement
    - ruggedness
    - scramble
    - shake off
    - situation
    - so
    - sticky
    - stiff
    - surely
    - think ahead
    - to
    - tough
    - tricky
    - trying
    - agonizing
    - deep
    - demanding
    - going
    - increasingly
    - keep
    - likely
    - plight
    * * *
    1. [complicado] difficult;
    va a ser difícil encontrar un sitio abierto a estas horas it's going to be difficult o hard to find anywhere that's open at this time;
    son tiempos difíciles these are difficult times;
    pasaron por una situación difícil they went through a difficult period;
    no es difícil imaginar lo que pasó it's not difficult o hard to imagine what happened;
    es una pregunta difícil de responder it's a difficult question to answer;
    hacerse difícil: se hace difícil entender por qué lo hizo it's difficult to understand why she did it;
    se me hace difícil acostumbrarme a madrugar I can't get used to getting up early;
    ponérselo difícil a alguien to make things difficult for sb;
    no me lo pongas difícil don't make things difficult o hard for me;
    serle difícil a alguien: le va a ser muy difícil encontrar trabajo it's going to be very difficult for him to find a job, he's going to find it very difficult to get a job;
    tener difícil algo: tiene muy difícil encontrar trabajo it's very difficult o hard for him to find work
    2. [improbable] unlikely;
    puede ser, aunque me parece difícil maybe, but I think it's unlikely;
    es difícil que ganen they're unlikely to win;
    no es difícil que ocurra it could easily happen
    3. [rebelde] difficult, awkward;
    es un niño muy difícil he's a very awkward o difficult child;
    tener un carácter difícil to be an awkward person, to be difficult to get on with
    * * *
    adj
    1 difficult;
    ponerlo difícil a alguien make it difficult for s.o.;
    difícil de decir hard o difficult to say
    :
    es difícil que venga he’s unlikely to come, it’s unlikely that he’ll come
    * * *
    : difficult, hard
    * * *
    1. (en general) difficult
    2. (improbable) unlikely [comp. unlikelier; superl. unlikeliest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > difícil

  • 4 problématique

    problématique [pʀɔblematik]
    1. adjective
    2. feminine noun
    ( = problème) problem
    * * *
    pʀɔblematik
    1.
    adjectif [situation] problematic; [issue, dénouement] uncertain

    2.
    nom féminin problems (pl)
    * * *
    pʀɔblematik
    1. adj
    2. nf
    1) (= problème) problem
    2) PHILOSOPHIE problematics sg
    * * *
    A adj [situation] problematic; [chances] doubtful; [issue, dénouement] in doubt ( jamais épith); [succès] unlikely ( jamais épith); sa libération apparaît comme problématique his/her release seems to be in doubt.
    B nf problems (pl), issues (pl); la problématique contemporaine contemporary issues; la problématique de l'identité the problems of identity.
    [prɔblematik] adjectif
    ————————
    [prɔblematik] nom féminin
    set of problems ou issues

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > problématique

  • 5 problematico

    (pl -ci) problematic
    * * *
    1 ( difficile, complicato) problematic, difficult, complicated: una situazione problematica, a problematic (o an awkward) situation; trattare con lui è abbastanza problematico, dealing with him is rather difficult (o complicated)
    2 ( che individua problemi) problematic, perplexing: un autore problematico, a problematic (o perplexing) author // (fil.) giudizio problematico, problematic judgement
    3 ( incerto, dubbio) uncertain, doubtful, problematic: un guadagno problematico, an uncertain gain; l'intesa resta ancora problematica, the agreement is still doubtful
    4 (rar.) ( del problema) of the problem.
    * * *
    pl. -ci, - che [proble'matiko, tʃi, ke] aggettivo problematic(al)
    * * *
    problematico
    pl. -ci, - che /proble'matiko, t∫i, ke/
    problematic(al).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > problematico

  • 6 conciencia

    f.
    1 conscience, awareness, consciousness, alertness.
    2 conscience.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: concienciar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: concienciar.
    * * *
    1 (moral) conscience
    2 (conocimiento) consciousness, awareness
    \
    a conciencia conscientiously
    con la conciencia tranquila with a clear conscience
    en conciencia in truth
    remorderle a alguien la conciencia to weigh on somebody's conscience
    tener conciencia de algo to be aware of something
    tomar conciencia de algo to become aware of something
    conciencia de clase class-consciousness
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=moralidad) conscience

    no tienes conciencia, tratar así a tu pobre madre — you have no conscience, treating your poor mother like that

    • en conciencia — in all conscience

    en conciencia no podemos permitir que se produzca esa situación — in all conscience, we cannot allow that situation to arise

    actuar u obrar en conciencia — to act in good conscience

    • libertad de conciencia — freedom of conscience

    • tener la conciencia limpia — to have a clear conscience

    • tener mala conciencia — to have a guilty o bad conscience

    • remorder a algn la conciencia, me remuerde la conciencia por haberle mentido — I've got a guilty o bad conscience about lying to him

    • tener la conciencia tranquila — to have a clear conscience

    ancho 1., 4), anchura 3), cargo 5), gusanillo 4), objetor, preso 2.
    2)

    • a conciencia — (=con dedicación) conscientiously; (=con mala intención) on purpose

    lo has hecho a conciencia para fastidiarme — you deliberately did it to annoy me, you did it on purpose to annoy me

    3) (=capacidad de juicio) awareness

    debería haber una mayor conciencia sobre los riesgos del alcohol — people should be more aware of the risks of alcohol, there should be greater awareness of the risks of alcohol

    lo ha hecho con plena conciencia del daño que podía causar — he did it in full knowledge of the damage he might cause, he was fully aware of the damage he might cause when he did it

    • a conciencia de que... — fully aware that..., in the certain knowledge that...

    • despertar la conciencia de algn — to raise sb's consciousness o awareness

    • tener conciencia de algo, no tienen conciencia de nación — they have no sense of national identity

    • tomar conciencia de algo — to become aware of sth

    tomar conciencia de que... — to become aware that...

    4) (Med) consciousness

    • perder la conciencia — to lose consciousness

    * * *
    1) ( en moral) conscience

    tener la conciencia limpia or tranquila — to have a clear o clean conscience

    tener mala conciencia or la conciencia sucia — to have a bad o guilty conscience

    no siente ningún cargo or remordimiento de conciencia — she feels no remorse

    2) ( conocimiento) awareness

    tomar or adquirir conciencia de algo — to become aware of something

    •
    * * *
    = conscience, consciousness, conscious mind.
    Ex. The general conclusion was that librarians cannot avoid acting as censors, but should do so only with full awareness and a good conscience.
    Ex. For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.
    Ex. Just as an individual must struggle to integrate the problematic unconscious with the everyday conscious mind, so must librarians wrestle with the integration of the problematic visual media.
    ----
    * acallar la conciencia = stifle + Posesivo + conscience.
    * acallar la voz de + Posesivo + conciencia = salve + the conscience.
    * a conciencia = deliberately, deliberately, wilfully [willfully, -USA], by design, on purpose.
    * actuar en conciencia = act in + good conscience.
    * cargo de conciencia = guilty conscience.
    * con cargo de conciencia = remorseful.
    * conciencia + atormentar = conscience + smite.
    * conciencia cívica = civic mindedness.
    * conciencia culpable = guilty conscience.
    * conciencia de culpa = guilty conscience.
    * conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.
    * conciencia de sí mismo = self-awareness.
    * conciencia de uno mismo = self-awareness.
    * conciencia histórica = historical consciousness.
    * conciencia + mortificar = conscience + smite, conscience + trouble.
    * conciencia + remorder = conscience + smite, conscience + trouble.
    * conciencia social = social consciousness.
    * conciencia sucia = guilty conscience.
    * con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.
    * con la conciencia tranquila = with a clear conscience.
    * dinero para acallar la conciencia = conscience money.
    * en conciencia = in good conscience.
    * escuchar la voz de la conciencia = listen to + the voice within.
    * examen de conciencia = soul-searching, self-examination.
    * examinar + Posesivo + conciencia = search + Posesivo + conscience.
    * falta de conciencia = unconsciousness.
    * gusanillo de la conciencia, el = prickling conscience, nagging conscience, sting of remorse, sting of conscience, the.
    * la voz de la conciencia = the voice within.
    * objeción de conciencia = conscientious objection.
    * objetor de conciencia = conscientious objector.
    * obrar en conciencia = act in + good conscience.
    * perder la conciencia = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * remoder la conciencia = nag at + the conscience.
    * remorder la conciencia = prick + conscience.
    * remordimiento de conciencia = guilty conscience, twinge of remorse.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.
    * toma de conciencia = realisation [realization, -USA], reality check.
    * tomar conciencia = sensitise [sensitize, -USA], enhance + awareness.
    * vivir con la conciencia limpia = live with + a clear conscience.
    * vivir con la conciencia tranquila = live with + a clear conscience.
    * votar según la conciencia de Uno = vote + Posesivo + conscience.
    * voz de la conciencia, la = voice of conscience, the.
    * * *
    1) ( en moral) conscience

    tener la conciencia limpia or tranquila — to have a clear o clean conscience

    tener mala conciencia or la conciencia sucia — to have a bad o guilty conscience

    no siente ningún cargo or remordimiento de conciencia — she feels no remorse

    2) ( conocimiento) awareness

    tomar or adquirir conciencia de algo — to become aware of something

    •
    * * *
    = conscience, consciousness, conscious mind.

    Ex: The general conclusion was that librarians cannot avoid acting as censors, but should do so only with full awareness and a good conscience.

    Ex: For example, the latter are unlikely to engage themselves in conservation issues as these now press upon the professional consciousness of librarians.
    Ex: Just as an individual must struggle to integrate the problematic unconscious with the everyday conscious mind, so must librarians wrestle with the integration of the problematic visual media.
    * acallar la conciencia = stifle + Posesivo + conscience.
    * acallar la voz de + Posesivo + conciencia = salve + the conscience.
    * a conciencia = deliberately, deliberately, wilfully [willfully, -USA], by design, on purpose.
    * actuar en conciencia = act in + good conscience.
    * cargo de conciencia = guilty conscience.
    * con cargo de conciencia = remorseful.
    * conciencia + atormentar = conscience + smite.
    * conciencia cívica = civic mindedness.
    * conciencia culpable = guilty conscience.
    * conciencia de culpa = guilty conscience.
    * conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.
    * conciencia de sí mismo = self-awareness.
    * conciencia de uno mismo = self-awareness.
    * conciencia histórica = historical consciousness.
    * conciencia + mortificar = conscience + smite, conscience + trouble.
    * conciencia + remorder = conscience + smite, conscience + trouble.
    * conciencia social = social consciousness.
    * conciencia sucia = guilty conscience.
    * con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.
    * con la conciencia tranquila = with a clear conscience.
    * dinero para acallar la conciencia = conscience money.
    * en conciencia = in good conscience.
    * escuchar la voz de la conciencia = listen to + the voice within.
    * examen de conciencia = soul-searching, self-examination.
    * examinar + Posesivo + conciencia = search + Posesivo + conscience.
    * falta de conciencia = unconsciousness.
    * gusanillo de la conciencia, el = prickling conscience, nagging conscience, sting of remorse, sting of conscience, the.
    * la voz de la conciencia = the voice within.
    * objeción de conciencia = conscientious objection.
    * objetor de conciencia = conscientious objector.
    * obrar en conciencia = act in + good conscience.
    * perder la conciencia = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * remoder la conciencia = nag at + the conscience.
    * remorder la conciencia = prick + conscience.
    * remordimiento de conciencia = guilty conscience, twinge of remorse.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.
    * toma de conciencia = realisation [realization, -USA], reality check.
    * tomar conciencia = sensitise [sensitize, -USA], enhance + awareness.
    * vivir con la conciencia limpia = live with + a clear conscience.
    * vivir con la conciencia tranquila = live with + a clear conscience.
    * votar según la conciencia de Uno = vote + Posesivo + conscience.
    * voz de la conciencia, la = voice of conscience, the.

    * * *
    A (en moral) conscience
    tener la conciencia limpia or tranquila to have a clear o clean
    tener la conciencia sucia to have a bad o guilty conscience
    no podía acallar la voz de su conciencia he could not silence the voice of his conscience
    en conciencia no puedo quedarme callada in all conscience I can't remain silent, my conscience won't allow me to remain silent
    me remuerde la conciencia my conscience is pricking me, it's on my conscience
    no siente ningún cargo or remordimiento de conciencia she feels no remorse
    muchos crímenes pesan sobre su conciencia he has many crimes on his conscience
    hacer algo a conciencia to do something conscientiously
    B (conocimiento) awareness
    lo hizo con plena conciencia de que la iba a herir he did it in the full knowledge that o fully conscious that it would hurt her
    tomar or adquirir conciencia de un problema to become aware of a problem
    quieren crear conciencia del peligro entre la población they aim to make the population aware of o to alert the population to the danger, they aim to increase public awareness of the danger
    Compuestos:
    class consciousness
    self-awareness
    * * *

     

    Del verbo concienciar: ( conjugate concienciar)

    conciencia es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    conciencia    
    concienciar
    conciencia sustantivo femenino

    ◊ tener la conciencia tranquila to have a clear o clean conscience;

    tener la conciencia sucia to have a bad o guilty conscience;
    me remuerde la conciencia my conscience is pricking me;
    no siente ningún cargo de conciencia she feels no remorse;
    hacer algo a conciencia to do something conscientiously

    ◊ tener/tomar conciencia de algo to be/become aware of sth

    concienciar ( conjugate concienciar) verbo transitivo (Esp) See Also→

    conciencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (moral) conscience: tengo la conciencia tranquila, my conscience is clear
    2 (conocimiento) consciousness, awareness: no tiene conciencia del problema, he isn't aware of the problem
    tomar conciencia de algo, to become aware of sthg
    3 Med perder/recobrar la conciencia, to lose/regain consciousness
    ♦ Locuciones: tener mala conciencia, to have a guilty conscience
    a conciencia, conscientiously
    concienciar verbo transitivo to make aware [de, of]: hay que concienciar a los vecinos de la escasez de agua, we need to make our neighbors aware of the water shortage

    ' conciencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acallar
    - cargo
    - conocimiento
    - consciencia
    - objeción
    - objetor
    - objetora
    - remorder
    - roer
    - toma
    - tranquila
    - tranquilo
    - mentalizar
    - remordimiento
    English:
    awareness
    - clear
    - conscience
    - conscientious
    - go
    - heart-searching
    - pang
    - prick
    - search
    - soul-searching
    - twinge
    - unaware
    - uneasy
    - consciousness
    - grapple
    - salve
    - stricken
    - thoroughly
    - weigh
    * * *
    conciencia, consciencia nf
    1. [física] consciousness;
    perder la conciencia to lose consciousness, to faint
    2. [mental] awareness;
    tener/tomar conciencia de to be/become aware of;
    tenía la conciencia de que lo dejé allí I was pretty sure I'd left it there
    conciencia de clase class consciousness;
    conciencia colectiva collective consciousness
    3. [moral, integridad] conscience;
    la voz de la conciencia the voice of conscience;
    me remuerde la conciencia I have a guilty conscience;
    trabajar para ellos me causa problemas de conciencia working for them doesn't sit easy with my conscience;
    hacer algo a conciencia [con esmero] to do sth conscientiously;
    en conciencia, no puedo decir que su trabajo sea bueno in all conscience, I can't say that his work is good;
    en conciencia, creo que debo quedarme con ella I really feel I should stay with her;
    en conciencia, no puedo ayudarte I don't really feel it would be right of me to help you;
    obrar en conciencia to act in good conscience, to act according to one's conscience;
    tener la conciencia limpia o [m5] tranquila to have a clear conscience;
    tener mala conciencia to have a guilty conscience
    * * *
    f conscience;
    a conciencia conscientiously;
    con plena conciencia de fully conscious of;
    en conciencia in all conscience;
    tener la conciencia tranquila have a clear conscience;
    tener buena/mala conciencia have a clear/guilty conscience;
    tomar conciencia de algo be/become aware of sth
    * * *
    1) : conscience
    2) : consciousness, awareness
    * * *
    1. (conocimiento) consciousness / awareness
    2. (sentido moral) conscience

    Spanish-English dictionary > conciencia

  • 7 schwierig

    I Adj. difficult, bes. präd. auch hard; Aufgabe, Job: auch tough umg.; (verwickelt) complicated, intricate; (unangenehm) awkward; Person: difficult; schwieriger Fall difficult case; Person: auch problem case; schwierige Frage difficult ( oder tricky) question; eine zu schwierige / nicht zu schwierige Aufgabe an excessively / a not too difficult task; schwieriges Kind auch problem child; schwierige Lage difficult ( oder awkward) situation, predicament, fix umg.; schwieriger Punkt, schwierige Sache difficult matter, problem; es wurde sehr schwierig things got very difficult; das macht alles noch schwieriger that makes things even more difficult, that complicates matters even more; in einem schwierigen Alter sein be at a difficult ( oder an awkward) age; das Schwierige daran the difficult part of it; das Schwierigste haben wir hinter uns the most difficult part is behind us, the worst is over
    II Adv.: sich schwierig gestalten Verhandlungen etc.: turn out to be difficult; die Aufgabe ist zu schwierig gestellt the question has been made too difficult; schwierig zu bedienen sein Maschine etc.: be difficult to operate
    * * *
    (heikel) hard; catchy; thorny; of great delicacy; sticky;
    (schwer) difficult; tough; weighty; intricate
    * * *
    schwie|rig ['ʃviːrɪç]
    1. adj
    difficult; (= schwer zu lernen etc auch) hard

    er ist ein schwíériger Fall — he is a problem

    2. adv

    schwíérig zu übersetzen — difficult to translate

    das Gespräch verlief schwíérig — the discussion didn't go well

    die Klärung seiner Identität gestaltete sich schwíérig — it was difficult to identify him

    * * *
    1) hard
    2) (hard to do or understand; not easy: difficult sums; a difficult task; It is difficult to know what to do for the best.) difficult
    3) (hard to deal with or needing to be treated etc in a special way: a difficult child.) difficult
    4) (difficult to do: a stiff examination.) stiff
    5) (difficult to understand: an obscure poem.) obscure
    6) (difficult to deal with or overcome: a tough problem; The competition was really tough.) tough
    * * *
    schwie·rig
    [ˈʃvi:rɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (nicht einfach) difficult, hard
    eine \schwierige Prüfung a difficult exam
    2. (verwickelt) complicated
    eine \schwierige Situation a tricky situation
    3. (problematisch) complex
    ein \schwieriger Fall sein to be a problematic[al] case
    ein \schwieriger Mensch a difficult person
    II. adv with difficulty
    * * *
    Adjektiv difficult
    * * *
    A. adj difficult, besonders präd auch hard; Aufgabe, Job: auch tough umg; (verwickelt) complicated, intricate; (unangenehm) awkward; Person: difficult;
    schwieriger Fall difficult case; Person: auch problem case;
    schwierige Frage difficult ( oder tricky) question;
    eine zu schwierige/nicht zu schwierige Aufgabe an excessively/a not too difficult task;
    schwieriges Kind auch problem child;
    schwierige Lage difficult ( oder awkward) situation, predicament, fix umg;
    schwieriger Punkt, schwierige Sache difficult matter, problem;
    es wurde sehr schwierig things got very difficult;
    das macht alles noch schwieriger that makes things even more difficult, that complicates matters even more;
    in einem schwierigen Alter sein be at a difficult ( oder an awkward) age;
    das Schwierige daran the difficult part of it;
    das Schwierigste haben wir hinter uns the most difficult part is behind us, the worst is over
    B. adv:
    sich schwierig gestalten Verhandlungen etc: turn out to be difficult;
    die Aufgabe ist zu schwierig gestellt the question has been made too difficult;
    schwierig zu bedienen sein Maschine etc: be difficult to operate
    * * *
    Adjektiv difficult
    * * *
    adj.
    arduous adj.
    catchy adj.
    difficult adj.
    tough adj. adv.
    arduously adv.
    difficultly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schwierig

  • 8 problemática

    adj.
    problematical, disputable, unsettled.
    f.
    problems, set of problems, situation, intricacy.
    * * *
    1 problems plural, questions plural
    * * *
    f., (m. - problemático)
    * * *
    SF problems pl, questions pl
    * * *
    femenino problems (pl)

    la problemática de América Central — the problems o the situation in Central America

    * * *
    femenino problems (pl)

    la problemática de América Central — the problems o the situation in Central America

    * * *
    problems (pl)
    nuestro punto de vista en torno a la problemática de América Central our point of view on the problems o the situation in Central America
    la problemática que plantea el crecimiento de la ciudad the problems o questions posed by the expansion of the city
    la problemática de la pareja y la familia the problems within a relationship and the family
    * * *

    problemático,-a adjetivo problematic
    ' problemática' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    relajo
    English:
    inner city
    * * *
    problems;
    la problemática del desempleo the problems of unemployment
    * * *
    : set of problems
    la problemática que debemos enfrentar: the problems we must face

    Spanish-English dictionary > problemática

  • 9 неуреден

    1. unsettled, not settled, undecided; pendent
    (за сметка) unsettled, outstanding
    2. (в безредие) in disorder, not put in order (yet); unorganized, not properly organized
    неуредено положение an uncertain position
    положението ми е още неуредено my situation is still unsettled, my situation is not settled yet.disorderly, untidy; slovenly
    * * *
    неуредѐн,
    прил.
    1. unsettled, not settled, undecided; pendent; (за сметка) unsettled, outstanding;
    2. (в безредие) in disorder, not put in order (yet); unorganized, not properly organized; • \неуредено положение an uncertain position.
    * * *
    outstanding; piggish{`pigiS}; problematic(al); unsettled (и за въпрос)
    * * *
    1. (в безредие) in disorder, not put in order (yet);unorganized, not properly organized 2. (за сметка) unsettled, outstanding 3. unsettled, not settled, undecided;pendent 4. НЕУРЕДЕНo положение an uncertain position 5. положението ми е още НЕУРЕДЕНо my situation is still unsettled, my situation is not settled yet.disorderly, untidy; slovenly

    Български-английски речник > неуреден

  • 10 problematicità

    problematicità s.f. problematic nature; complexity: la problematicità della situazione economica, the complexity of the economic situation; la problematicità di un'opera, the problematic nature (o complexity) of a work.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > problematicità

  • 11 несигурен

    uncertain, insecure; built on sand; tottery
    (за човек) unreliable, untrustworthy, undependable, treacherous, shifty
    несигурен глас a faltering voice
    несигурни крачки unsteady/faltering steps
    несигурна основа за преговори a precarious basis for negotiations
    несигурен мир uneasy peace, peace maintained by the balance
    несигурна почва прен. shaky ground
    несигурен живот a precarious existence
    несигурен в себе си unsure of o.s.
    несигурен на краката си unsteady, rocky
    несигурно положение a risky/an uncertain/a precarious situation, touch-and-go
    несигурна постройка a tottery building/structure
    * * *
    несѝгурен,
    прил., -на, -но, -ни uncertain, dubious; insecure; built on sand; tottery; разг. chancy, iffy, touch-and-go; (за човек) unreliable, untrustworthy, undependable, treacherous, shifty; ( непредвидим) hit and/or miss; (за резултат) marginal; ( опасен) unsure; ( който зависи от волята или прищявката на другиго) precarious: ( зле балансиран) top-heavy; \несигуренен в себе си unsure of o.s.; \несигуренен глас faltering/halting voice; \несигуренен живот precarious existence; \несигуренна гаранция straw bail; \несигуренна почва прен. shaky ground; \несигуренна работа a bird in the bush; \несигуренни крачки unsteady/faltering steps; \несигуренно положение risky/uncertain/precarious situation, touch-and-go; \несигуренно равновесие precarious balance.
    * * *
    chancy; contingent; dubious{`dyubixs}; equivocal; faltering: несигурен voice - несигурен глас; halting: а несигурен balance - несигурно равновесие; problematic(al); risky{`riski}; speculative; tottery{`tOtxri}: a несигурен building - несигурна постройка; touch- and- go; unresolved{Xnri`zO;lvd}; unsafe; unsettled; unsure{Xn`Sux}; untrustworthy
    * * *
    1. (за резултат) marginal 2. (за човек) unreliable, untrustworthy, undependable, treacherous, shifty 3. (зле балансиран) top-heavy 4. (който зависи от волята или прищявката на другиго) precarious 5. (опасен) unsure 6. uncertain, insecure;built on sand;tottery 7. НЕСИГУРЕН в себе си unsure of o.s. 8. НЕСИГУРЕН глас a faltering voice 9. НЕСИГУРЕН живот a precarious existence 10. НЕСИГУРЕН мир uneasy peace, peace maintained by the balance 11. НЕСИГУРЕН на краката си unsteady, rocky 12. несигурна гаранция straw bail 13. несигурна основа за преговори a precarious basis for negotiations 14. несигурна постройка a tottery building/structure 15. несигурна почва прен. shaky ground 16. несигурна работа a bird in the bush 17. несигурни крачки unsteady/faltering steps 18. несигурно положение a risky/an uncertain/a precarious situation, touch-and-go 19. несигурно равновесие a precarious balance

    Български-английски речник > несигурен

  • 12 сложен

    1. добре сложен well-knit/-made
    добре съм сложен have a good/fine physique
    2. complex, complicated, sophisticated
    (заплетен) intricate, involved, knotty
    (деликатен) delicate, subtle, tricky
    (съставен) compound, composite
    сложен въпрос a complicated question/matter/issue; a tricky problem
    сложен план an elaborate plan
    сложен инструмент a sophisticated instrument
    сложен химически елемент a compound chemical element
    сложен характер a complex character
    сложен лист бот. a decompound leaf
    сложна работа a tricky thing, no easy matter
    сложна задача a complicated task
    сложна лихва compound interest
    сложна дума a compound word
    сложна мрежа an intricate network
    сложно положение a complicated situation
    сложно число мат. a complex number
    * * *
    сло̀жен,
    мин. страд. прич.: добре \сложен well-knit/-made; добре съм \сложен have a good/fine physique.
    ——————
    прил., -на, -но, -ни complex, complicated, sophisticated; elaborate; problematic(al); ( заплетен) intricate, involved, knotty, convoluted, tangled; ( деликатен) delicate, subtle, tricky; ( съставен) compound, composite; \сложенен въпрос complicated question/matter/issue; tricky problem; \сложенен инструмент sophisticated instrument; \сложенен лист бот. decompound leaf; \сложенен план elaborate plan; \сложенен характер complex character; \сложенен химически елемент compound chemical element; \сложенна дума език. compound word; \сложенна задача complicated task; \сложенна работа tricky thing, no easy matter; \сложенно глаголно време complex tense; \сложенно изречение complex sentence; \сложенно положение complicated situation; \сложенно число мат. complex number.
    * * *
    complex: a сложен sentence - сложно изречение; complicated: сложен matter - сложен въпрос; sophisticated ; intricate {`intrikxt}; knotty ; compound: сложен interest - сложна лихва; elaborate ; integrate; multiplex; perplexed ; perplexing
    * * *
    1. (деликатен) delicate, subtle, tricky 2. (заплетен) intricate, involved, knotty 3. (съставен) compound, composite 4. 1: добре СЛОЖЕН well-knit/-made 5. 2 complex, complicated, sophisticated 6. СЛОЖЕН въпрос a complicated question/matter/issue;a tricky problem 7. СЛОЖЕН инструмент a sophisticated instrument 8. СЛОЖЕН лист бот. a decompound leaf 9. СЛОЖЕН план an elaborate plan 10. СЛОЖЕН характер a complex character 11. СЛОЖЕН химически елемент a compound chemical element 12. добре съм СЛОЖЕН have a good/fine physique 13. сложна дума a compound word 14. сложна задача a complicated task 15. сложна лихва compound interest 16. сложна мрежа an intricate network 17. сложна работа а tricky thing, no easy matter 18. сложно глаголно време а complex tense 19. сложно изречение a complex sentence 20. сложно положение a complicated situation 21. сложно число мат. а complex number

    Български-английски речник > сложен

  • 13 schwierig

    schwie·rig [ʼʃvi:rɪç] adj
    1) ( nicht einfach) difficult, hard;
    eine \schwierige Prüfung a difficult exam
    2) ( verwickelt) complicated;
    eine \schwierige Situation a tricky situation
    3) ( problematisch) complex;
    ein \schwieriger Fall sein to be a problematic[al] case;
    ein \schwieriger Mensch a difficult person
    adv with difficulty

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > schwierig

  • 14 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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